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1 Torricelli, Evangelista
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 15 October 1608 Faenza, Italyd. 25 October 1647 Florence, Italy[br]Italian physicist, inventor of the mercury barometer and discoverer of atmospheric pressure.[br]Torricelli was the eldest child of a textile artisan. Between 1625 and 1626 he attended the Jesuit school at Faenza, where he showed such outstanding aptitude in mathematics and philosophy that his uncle was persuaded to send him to Rome to a school run by Benedetto Castelli, a mathematician and engineer and a former pupil of Galileo Galilei. Between 1630 and 1641, Torricelli was possibly Secretary to Giovanni Ciampoli, Galileo's friend and protector. In 1641 Torricelli wrote a treatise, De motugravium, amplifying Galileo's doctrine on the motion of projectiles, and Galileo accepted him as a pupil. On Galileo's death in 1642, he was appointed as mathematician and philosopher to the court of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. He remained in Florence until his early death in 1647, possibly from typhoid fever. He wrote a great number of mathematical papers on conic sections, the cycloid, the logarithmic curve and other subjects, which made him well known.By 1642 Torricelli was producing good lenses for telescopes; he subsequently improved them, and attained near optical perfection. He also constructed a simple microscope with a small glass sphere as a lens. Galileo had looked at problems of raising water with suction pumps, and also with a siphon in 1630. Torricelli brought up the subject again in 1640 and later produced his most important invention, the barometer. He used mercury to fill a glass tube that was sealed at one end and inverted it. He found that the height of mercury in the tube adjusted itself to a well-defined level of about 76 cm (30 in.), higher than the free surface outside. He realized that this must be due to the pressure of the air on the outside surface and predicted that it would fall with increasing altitude. He thus demonstrated the pressure of the atmosphere and the existence of a vacuum on top of the mercury, publishing his findings in 1644. He later noticed that changes in the height of the mercury were related to changes in the weather.[br]Bibliography1641, De motu gravium.Further ReadingT.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.A Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1976, Vol. XIII, New York: C.Scribner's Sons.A.Stowers, 1961–2, "Thomas Newcomen's first steam engine 250 years ago and the initial development of steam power", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34 (provides an account of his mercury barometer).W.E.Knowles Middleton, 1964, The History of the Barometer, Baltimore.RLHBiographical history of technology > Torricelli, Evangelista
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2 Torricelli
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3 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
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•The unit torr was selected to honour (or in honour of) Evangelista Torricelli.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в честь
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5 в честь
•The unit torr was selected to honour (or in honour of) Evangelista Torricelli.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в честь
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6 в честь
1. in honour of smb; to honour smbThe unit torr was selected to honour Evangelista Torricelli.
2. named afterArchibald was named after his father.
3. … gets (или derives) its name from …The montmorillonite group gets its name from Montmorillon, a town in France.
4. to honourThe name "illite" honours the state of Illinois.
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > в честь
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7 Pascal, Blaise
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 19 June 1623 Clermont Ferrand, Franced. 19 August 1662 Paris, France[br]French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher.[br]Pascal was the son of Etienne Pascal, President of the Court of Aids. His mother died when he was 3 years old and he was brought up largely by his two sisters, one of whom was a nun at Port Royal. They moved to Paris in 1631 and again to Rouen ten years later. He received no formal education. In 1654 he was involved in a carriage accident in which he saw a mystical vision of God and from then on confined himself to philosophical rather than scientific matters. In the field of mathematics he is best known for his work on conic sections and on the laws of probability. As a youth he designed a calculating machine of which, it is said, some seventy were made. His main contribution to technology was his elucidation of the laws of hydrostatics which formed the basis of all hydrostatic machines in subsequent years. Pascal, however, did not put these laws to any practical use: that was left to the English cabinet-maker and engineer Joseph Bramah more than a century later. Suffering from indifferent health, Pascal persuaded his brother-in-law Périer to repeat the experiments of Evangelista Torricelli on the pressure of the atmosphere. This involved climbing the 4,000 ft (1,220 m) of the Puy de Dôme, a mountain close to Clermont, with a heavy mercury-in-glass barometer. The experiment was reported in the 1647 pamphlet "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". The Hydrostatic Law was laid down by Pascal in Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs, published a year after his death. In this he established the fact that in a fluid at rest the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.[br]Bibliography1647, "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". 1663, Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs.Further ReadingJ.Mesnard, 1951, Pascal, His Life and Works.I.McNeil, 1972, Hydraulic Power, London: Longmans.IMcN
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Torricelli, Evangelista — • Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 October, 1647 Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006 … Catholic encyclopedia
Torricelli , Evangelista — (1608–1647) Italian physicist Born at Faenza in Italy, Torricelli was educated at the Sapienza College, Rome. His De motu (1641; On Movement) attracted the attention of Galileo who invited him to come to Florence to work and live with him. After… … Scientists
Torricelli, Evangelista — born Oct. 15, 1608, Faenza, Romagna died Oct. 25, 1647, Florence Italian physicist and mathematician, inventor of the barometer. He served as secretary to Galileo during the last three months of the latter s life and was appointed to succeed him… … Universalium
Torricelli, Evangelista — ► (1608 47) Matemático y físico italiano. Demostró que las parábolas correspondientes a una velocidad inicial dada y con distintos ángulos de inclinación son todas tangentes a una misma curva. Inventó el barómetro de mercurio y enunció el teorema … Enciclopedia Universal
Torricelli,Evangelista — Tor·ri·cel·li (tôr ə chĕlʹē, tôr ē ), Evangelista. 1608 1647. Italian mathematician and physicist who invented the mercury barometer. * * * … Universalium
TORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA — a celebrated Italian physicist; devoted himself to science, and attracted the attention of Galileo, whom he subsequently succeeded as professor at the Florentine Academy; discovered the scientific principle of the barometer, which is sometimes … The Nuttall Encyclopaedia
Evangelista Torricelli — (* 15. Oktober 1608 in Faenza; † 25. Oktober 1647 in Florenz) war ein italienischer Physiker und Mathematiker. Leben Torricelli stammte aus … Deutsch Wikipedia
Evangelista Torricelli — «Torricelli» redirige aquí. Para la unidad de presión homónima, véase Torr. Retrato de Evangelista Torricelli en la tapa de Lezioni d Evangelista Torricelli. Evangelista Torricelli (Faenza, Italia, 15 de octubre 1608 Florencia, Italia, 25 de… … Wikipedia Español
Evangelista Torricelli — Evangelista Torricelli † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Evangelista Torricelli Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 October, 1647. Modigliana, in Tuscan Romagna, and Piancaldoli, in the… … Catholic encyclopedia
TORRICELLI (E.) — TORRICELLI EVANGELISTA (1608 1647) Physicien et mathématicien italien, né à Faenza et mort à Florence, inventeur du baromètre. Les écrits de Galilée inspirèrent à Torricelli un traité de mécanique, De motu (Du mouvement ), qui devait à son tour… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Torricelli — Torricelli, Evangelista Torricelli, experimento de … Enciclopedia Universal